Systems
I build computational and analytical systems when a research problem requires more control, measurement, or inference than existing tools provide.
Some systems create controlled environments in which communication structure, information access, routing, model capability, source conditions, or other features can be manipulated directly. Others simulate processes that are difficult to isolate in observed populations or test what can be inferred about a hidden process from the traces it leaves behind.
I also build research and decision-support software that combines structured problem definition, deterministic computation, external evidence, domain knowledge, and model-based interpretation. The division of labor matters. Quantities that can be calculated directly should be calculated directly. Model-based interpretation is useful where interpretation is actually required, but the inputs, assumptions, intermediate outputs, and uncertainty surrounding that interpretation should remain inspectable.
Across these systems, the technical architecture follows the inferential problem. The relevant process has to be observable or manipulable, the resulting measurements have to be testable, and the implementation has to preserve enough of what happened to determine why a result occurred.
Selected systems
Multi-agent research environments
I build controlled environments for studying how groups of AI agents communicate, combine information, and produce collective judgments. The goal is not simply to assemble multiple agents, but to make communication architecture experimentally manipulable and analytically observable.
Within the same task, I can vary what information agents receive, which models occupy particular positions, who can communicate with whom, how communication unfolds, where synthesis occurs, and how the group output is produced.
Experimental apparatus
Experimental controller
instantiatesroutessequencesrecords
Experimental environment
- Task problem given to the group
- Information initial evidence available to each agent
- Models model assignment across positions
- Topology permitted communication paths
- Rounds sequencing and stopping conditions
- Readout output construction and logging
Representative communication topologies
Agent-generated communication
Recorded trace and group output
The same task can therefore be rerun with identical evidence and model capability while varying only communication topology, synthesis location, or information allocation.
This makes communication architecture an experimental variable rather than an incidental feature of a multi-agent application. A collection of individually capable models can still perform poorly if evidence is routed badly, dependent information appears independent, weak evidence is amplified, consensus forms too early, or information is lost or fabricated during synthesis.
Because the environment controls the experimental conditions and preserves the resulting traces, each run retains the messages, routing decisions, intermediate outputs, and final outputs needed to investigate collective accuracy, problem solving, information mutation, source dependence, model placement, authority, and communication topology.
Collective problem solving
How does communication structure change what a group is able to solve?
Distributed problems can divide relevant information across agents, leaving no single agent with everything needed to solve the task. What the group can solve then depends partly on how communication routes partial information and where it can be integrated.
agent one component of the problem
Six communication architectures
Directed hierarchy
Circle
Lattice
Chain
Wheel
All-channel
Illustrative integration paths
CentralizedWheel
single integration position
All components converge on a single position, so integration depends on what reaches it and on the model placed there.
DecentralizedCircle
multiple integration positions
Components combine through repeated local exchange, with no single position through which everything must pass.
- Architecture
- six communication structures
- Task
- constraint · synthesis
- Capability
- placement of the higher-capability model
Observed — solution quality · communication cost
No communication architecture is generally superior across tasks. On constraint-satisfaction problems, centralized structures require less communication, while the directed hierarchy also performs especially well on accuracy. Full connectivity performs poorly in the implemented system, consistent with but not sufficient to identify premature consensus. Differences among topologies are less sharply resolved on synthesis tasks.
Herding
When does communication improve collective judgment, and when does it pull a group toward the numerical majority?
Communication can help a group combine distributed evidence, but peer judgments can also amplify information that has already circulated through the group. Whether communication improves accuracy therefore depends on both what agents transmit and how much peer information reaches them.
Private evidence, before communication
Three agents · weaker evidence
the numerical majority
Two agents · stronger evidence
the better-supported position
Key contrast shown: evidence sharing vs. conclusion sharing
Judgment transmitted with its evidentiary basis
The evidentiary basis remains available, allowing repeated agreement to be evaluated in light of its support.
Judgment transmitted without evidentiary basis
Repeated endorsements do not reveal whether their evidence is independent.
Local fan-in
Lower local fan-in
Higher local fan-in
Communication-induced dependencetheoretical mechanism
- Private signalsindependent across agents
- Peer communicationexposure to others' judgments
- Collective judgmentsmay become correlated
At moderate local fan-in, sharing evidence largely preserves the initially accurate aggregate, while conclusion-only communication can shift the collective toward the numerical majority. The effect varies across model families and becomes stronger as local fan-in increases. At extreme fan-in, even evidence sharing degrades, consistent with a separate load-related failure.
Information mutation
How does message content change as it moves through a communication system?
Messages can change as they pass through successive agents and synthesis steps. Communication architecture can therefore shape how meaning shifts within a lineage, how separate transmissions diverge, and where unsupported content appears.
Six architectures tested
Linear chain
Ring with shortcuts
Hub-and-spoke
Directed hierarchy
Lattice
Bidirectional lattice
Mutation types
Drift
semantic movement along one lineage
Divergence
dispersion among independent lineages from the same source
Fabrication
content not traceable to the source
Schematic component-level lineage
retained altered lost introduced
Independent scoring modelevaluates each stage · outside the transmission path
Communication architectures generate different profiles of drift, divergence, and fabrication. Factual markers can survive even when evidentiary or relational meaning changes. Because the implemented systems differ in depth and synthesis demands as well as topology, these findings concern whole communication architectures rather than any single graph property.
Simulation environments
I build agent-based and computational simulations when a proposed mechanism is difficult to isolate in observational data or when the relevant counterfactual cannot be observed directly.
A simulation turns a verbal account into explicit rules governing what actors know, how they interact, what they retain or lose, how they make decisions, and how the environment changes. Those elements can then be varied independently to determine which assumptions are necessary for an observed pattern and which merely accompany it.
The models below use that logic for different inferential problems. One asks what may be spreading before an outcome becomes visible. The other asks how a correction process changes the trajectory of adaptive search.
Model 01
Latent diffusion
Can prerequisites spread through a population before the outcome they produce becomes observable?
Many collective outcomes require several components to be present at once. An actor can receive and retain some of those components, and pass them on, without ever displaying the outcome itself.
Components circulate
Elements of a larger practice begin moving through the population.
Latent carriers
Actors receive and retain subsets and can transmit them without adopting.
Components assemble
Required components become jointly available in some actors or connected groups.
Visible adoption
The outcome becomes observable when enough required components coexist.
carrier, has not adopted visible adoption
The model separates the spread of prerequisites from the appearance of the final behavior. Populations with similar levels of visible adoption can therefore contain very different distributions of the components required for future adoption.
Model 02
Adaptive search under error correction
Does correction merely suppress malformed variation, or can it change which regions of the search space are reached?
Replication, mutation, correction, evaluation, and selection are represented separately so that the effect of correction can be isolated.
One generation
- Replicate several offspring from each survivor
- Mutate random character edits
- Correctoptional map malformed words toward nearby admissible forms
- Evaluate similarity to the nearest target
- Select fittest fill each peak’s slots; the rest wait in the valley pool
retained candidates seed the next generation
What correction changes
Correction constrains variation toward admissible forms without using the target to choose the correction.
- uncorrected mutation, disperses broadly
- correction, projects onto admissible forms
- target states
Correction constrains where variation can go without using the target state to choose the correction. The resulting comparison tests whether correction merely suppresses error or also changes which regions of the search space are reached.
Current simulation work includes diffusion before visible adoption, adaptive search under error correction, segregation under cue-mediated social inference, and cultural transmission. The purpose is not to reproduce a population in miniature. It is to create controlled environments in which mechanisms that can produce similar aggregate outcomes can be separated.
Model 03
Segregation under cue-mediated social inference
Does residential sorting require that residents see the same neighborhood?
Classic Schelling models make demographic composition directly observable. That collapses three assumptions: common observation, common categorization, and coordinated action on a shared signal. This model separates those assumptions and varies them independently.
GROUP A GROUP B
Mixed start
Same population before relocation.
Churn
98.9% of runs
Relocation continues without durable patterning.
Stable
1.1% of runs
Movement subsides as local clusters persist.
Agents do not observe composition directly. They infer neighborhood type from noisy, non-demographic cues encountered through movement and interpreted through cultural schemas. Movement changes composition, which changes the cue field encountered by other agents. Stable sorting appears only in a narrow region where cues are informative and schemas largely agree. Under imposed informational alignment, the model recovers Schelling-like sorting. The classic result is therefore one regime of the broader informational system rather than its generic outcome.
Communication-trace inference
I build analytical systems for inferring properties of hidden communication processes from the observable traces they produce.
Simulation proceeds forward from specified mechanisms to observable outcomes. Communication-trace inference asks the reverse question: given an observable residue, what can be inferred about the hidden process that generated it?
not observed
- Semantic what the message says
- Formal how it is written
- Trace what accompanies it
the same access in every case below
Independent corroboration
Independent sources
More distinctive residue
Stronger evidence about the generating process.
Centralized synthesis
Hub aggregation
Some structural evidence
The residue is consistent with centralized aggregation, but does not uniquely identify it.
Common-source dependence
Hidden shared ancestor
Ambiguous once the source is hidden
Different production processes can leave similar observable traces.
The inference concerns properties or classes of the generating process, not complete reconstruction of an arbitrary hidden network or a judgment about whether the message is true.
The underlying problem is partial observation. An analyst may have messages, reports, traffic patterns, documents, or terminal outputs without observing the full network, transmission route, source relationships, or production process that generated them. The question is therefore not simply whether cases can be distinguished. It is which properties of the generating process leave diagnostic evidence, under which observation conditions, and where different processes become observationally indistinguishable.
Controlled communication environments provide the calibration case. Because the true production process is specified in advance, observational access can be withheld, transformed, or contaminated systematically and the resulting inference can be evaluated against known structure. Related work applies the same logic to adversarial communication and to inference about whether particular actors participated in an otherwise hidden communication process.
Cultural attractor measurement
Cultural attractor theory describes recurring structural configurations toward which transformed cultural variants tend to converge. The construct has been studied ethnographically, experimentally, and computationally, but usually without a measure operating at the level of individual variants within documented lineages.
This system treats a documented variant family as evidence from which to extract recurrent latent structure. The critical test is not whether visually similar variants resemble one another. It is whether a recurrent signature recovers functional relationships despite surface differences, predicts held-out variants, and fails where only superficial regularity is present.
Surface resemblance can favor the wrong candidate; recurrent structure identifies a different relationship that still requires independent validation.
Surface match
REFERENCE VARIANT
SURFACE LOOK-ALIKE
FUNCTIONAL RELATIVE
The look-alike is closest by surface resemblance.
Feature decomposition
REFERENCE VARIANT
SURFACE LOOK-ALIKE
FUNCTIONAL RELATIVE
Each variant resolves into a small set of active features.
Recurrent structure
REFERENCE VARIANT
FUNCTIONAL RELATIVE
CANDIDATE SIGNATURE
SURFACE LOOK-ALIKE
The reference and functional relative share the recurring configuration.
Validate the signature
KNOWN MEMBERS
Does it recover them?
HELD-OUT MEMBERS
Does it find unseen members?
SUBSEQUENT VARIANTS
Does fit predict further production?
LOOK-ALIKE FAMILIES
Does it reject superficial template, topic or event grouping?
ATTRACTOR INTERPRETATION
Only if the signature distinguishes recurrent structure from surface resemblance.
The measurement logic is adapted from cheminformatics, where a pharmacophore is the configuration shared across compounds that bind a common target. The transfer is functional and statistical rather than geometric: what carries over is common-feature extraction and ranked-retrieval validation, not molecular geometry.
Human coding is part of the instrument rather than an external check. Reviewer identity is established before rating, confidence and flags are stored with each judgment, and disagreements route to adjudication rather than being averaged away.
Org Signal
Org Signal is an organizational network analysis system for identifying relational patterns that conventional organizational charts and individual-level measures often miss.
Communication and organizational data are represented as networks so that structural properties can be measured directly before contextual interpretation is introduced. Here the central problem is not hidden-process reconstruction. It is separating structural measurement from organizational interpretation.
Representation
-
Data
- Communication records
- People and organizational data
Slack workspace export, roster CSV, or the built-in synthetic organization
-
Relational representation
- People
- Ties
- Layers
Structural measurement
Computed from the relational data
-
Network analysis
- Centrality
- Brokerage
- Reciprocity
- Visibility
- Structural position
Network measures are computed directly from the relational data.
central actor bridging position
-
Pattern detection
- Rule-based
Contextual interpretation
Model-based reasoning enters here
-
Theory-informed interpretation
- Network science
- Organization theory
- Communication context
Interpretation with explicit confidence categories
-
Organizational outputs
- Person-level
- Organization-level
- Network view
- Analyst Q&A
- Reports
The separation between measurement and interpretation is intentional. Network statistics and structural configurations are computed directly from the relational data. Model-based reasoning enters later, where communication or organizational context is needed to evaluate competing interpretations of those patterns. Where the evidence does not distinguish among explanations, the system preserves that uncertainty rather than converting it into a single confident diagnosis.
Org Signal is a research and diagnostic prototype. It is not an automated personnel decision system.
Decision-support architecture
Some systems I build address a different problem: how to turn a loosely specified practical question into a recommendation without allowing missing information to disappear inside model-generated confidence.
ManuscriptU and the systems below combine structured problem definition, current external evidence, domain-specific data, deterministic computation, and model-based interpretation in different proportions.
- input
Problem context
a loosely specified description of what someone is trying to do
- deterministic
Define constraints
- evidence
Current evidence
live sources, current information
Domain data and structure
taxonomies, specifications, rules
- deterministic
Compute where possible
- model reasoning
Interpret where needed
synthesis and judgment
- result
Recommendation and comparison
with sparse evidence identified
Validation differs by system and can include comparison with known outcomes, source-coverage checks, consistency rules, or explicit confidence handling.
The architecture varies by application, but the general sequence is:
- Problem context
- Identify what the user is actually trying to decide.
- Constraints
- Translate the description into explicit requirements, tradeoffs, and exclusion criteria.
- Current evidence
- Retrieve information that is time-sensitive or external to the model.
- Domain structure
- Apply specifications, taxonomies, known relationships, or other structured knowledge.
- Computation
- Calculate directly wherever the problem permits deterministic analysis.
- Interpretation
- Use model reasoning for comparison, synthesis, or judgment where those tasks cannot be reduced to direct calculation.
- Recommendation
- Return a decision or comparison while identifying sparse, conflicting, or unresolved evidence.
Validation depends on the system. It may involve comparison with known outcomes, source-coverage checks, consistency rules, expert judgment, or explicit confidence handling.
ManuscriptU
ManuscriptU is a research workflow system for evaluating journal fit and publication strategy.
Rather than treating journal selection as a keyword-matching problem, it combines information from a manuscript, its reference network, bibliographic databases, journal characteristics, and current external sources to assess where a paper fits intellectually and institutionally.
Retrieval and bibliographic relationships are handled deterministically where possible. Model-based synthesis is used to interpret fit, compare alternatives, and identify contradictions or missing evidence. The validation framework allows recommendations to be compared with known publication outcomes and reduces confidence when the relevant evidence is sparse or internally inconsistent.
Domain applications
The same architecture also applies across domains with very different constraint structures and evidence. These systems translate an underspecified practical question into a decision while preserving distinctions that generic recommendation systems tend to collapse.
What changes across applications is not the basic sequence, but the domain knowledge, evidence, constraints, and failure modes that matter to the recommendation.
Prime Rigs
Prime Rigs matches camera, lens, lighting, and rental configurations to the requirements of a specific production. It evaluates aesthetic goals alongside budget, crew, logistics, and technical constraints, while withholding specifications, pricing, or production claims that current evidence does not support.
GardenMind
GardenMind matches plants to the conditions of a particular site, including climate, soil, sun exposure, experience, and prior successes or failures. It separates established horticultural evidence from unresolved local facts, such as nursery inventory that cannot be verified from current sources.
What Should I Ride?
What Should I Ride? recommends bicycle tires from the rider’s actual performance problem rather than a generic riding category. It combines terrain, bicycle setup, priorities, laboratory measurements, reviews, community evidence, and product information to compare individual tires and front-and-rear pairings, including where evidence for a product or condition remains limited.
Draft and Beam
Draft and Beam matches prospective owners with sailboats suited to how they actually expect to sail. It evaluates sailing behavior, accommodation, physical constraints, ownership demands, maintenance and refit exposure, and current market conditions together rather than optimizing for a single performance dimension.